State-Building and Tax Regimes in Central America

Description

In Central America, dynamic economic actors have inserted themselves into global markets. Elites atop these sectors attempt to advance a state-building project that will allow them to expand their activities and access political power, but they differ in their internal cohesion and their dominance with respect to other groups, especially previously constituted elites and popular sectors. Differences in resulting state-building patterns are expressed in the capacity to mobilize revenues from the most dynamic sectors in quantities sufficient to undertake public endeavors and in a relatively universal fashion across sectors. Historical, quantitative and qualitative detail on the five countries of Central America are followed by a focus on El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. The greatest changes have occurred in El Salvador, and Honduras has made some advances, although they are almost as quickly reversed by incentives, exemptions and special arrangements for particular producers. Guatemala has raised revenues only marginally and failed to address problems of inequity across sectors and between rich and poor.

Aaron Schneider is the Jill H. and Avram A. Glazer Professor of Social Entrepreneurship and Associate Professor of Political Science and Latin American Studies at Tulane University, Louisiana. He is especially interested in the sources of and uses for the wealth of states, including taxation and expenditure. By treating public finance as a window into the politics of economic development, his work characterizes the way in which state actors interact with the evolution of global capitalism. He has conducted research in Central America, Brazil, Peru, India, sub-Saharan Africa and closer to home in New Orleans. With a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, Professor Schneider's outputs have included journal articles, book chapters, working papers and policy briefs. Prior to joining Tulane University, he was a Fellow at the University of Sussex in the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and Advisor to the Chief Economist for Central America and the Caribbean at the Interamerican Development Bank.

"Central American countries have increased their tax-to-GDP ratio by an average of more than 33% since they started their transition to democracy two decades ago. In spite of sustained efforts, they still collect an average of 30% to 45% less than South American and OECD countries, respectively. This book provides excellent political economy insights to achieve successful tax reform, in a context where mobilizing additional fiscal revenues pari passu with an efficient provision of public goods is crucial for development." - Alberto Barreix, Principal Fiscal Economist, Inter-American Development Bank "Taxes are about much more than dollars and sense. As Aaron Schneider astutely reveals, fiscal policies illuminate underlying domestic power structures, and in today's world, underscore the tight constraints placed on governments-strictures which are especially severe for small states. But this masterpiece of international political economy will be of tremendous interest well beyond Central America: all those seeking to better understand how globalization impacts lesser states everywhere will find Schneider's book a must-read." - Richard Feinberg, University of California, San Diego "Aaron Schneider explains with great clarity the specific political strategies or paths followed in Central American countries in order to implement tax reforms and strengthen the state. Anyone interested in the comparative analysis of the interaction of fiscal policy, conflict, state building and globalization should read this book." - Juan Alberto Fuentes Knight, former Minister of Finance of Guatemala "This analytically ambitious and empirically thorough comparative study represents a dramatic and much needed advance in research on contemporary Central American political economy. Anchored in recognition of often overlooked transformations of the region's economies and their impact on the configuration of elites, Aaron Schneider's book underscores how patterns of taxation are shaping the contours of states, and distributional outcomes, in highly unequal societies in which revenue constraints hinder efforts to consolidate stable democratic institutions. The insights he puts forth are invaluable for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand the challenges to state-building that confront fledgling democracies in Central America and beyond." - Eric Hershberg, American University "Nearly one hundred years ago, Joseph Schumpeter put the question of the underpinning of tax capacity on the agenda for political science and sociological research. Despite the fact that taxation has come to play a central theoretical role in discussions of state building since that time, far too little is known about its contemporary underpinnings. Schneider's State-Building and Tax Regimes in Central America is a major step forward on this front, weaving a compelling argument that combines the impact of globalization with domestic social and institutional conditions to provide an account of success and failure in the construction of an effective revenue state. This is compelling work on a region that is under-studied, but all-too-typical of much of the less-developed world." - Marcus Kurtz, The Ohio State University "Aaron Schneider's exciting new book provides the field of Central American politics just what it needs: a classification and explanation of national differences in state building that have emerged in the recent era of globalization. Drawing on much original research and a nuanced historical perspective, Schneider convincingly argues that differences in the form of transnational elites fostered striking variations in state-building projects and tax regimes within Central America. This provocative analysis is essential reading for anyone interested in making sense of contemporary Central America." - James Mahoney, Northwestern University "How to raise taxes to fund public policy constitutes a major challenge for all developing countries. Professor Schneider offers an outstanding interpretation of why some countries have been more successful than others in meeting it. Based on a comparative study of the recent experience in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, he shows how the power and cohesion of the new transnational elite determines the nature of tax reforms. Countries like El Salvador where the elite is cohesive and dominates the process of policy making are more likely to expand taxes than others-even if through regressive means. By studying the tax system, Professor Schneider also offers a new understanding of the process of state building in small countries in the era of globalization. This book is political economy as its best." - Diego Sanchez-Ancochea, University of Oxford "Of the many questions about the history of Central America, the fiscal aspect is one of the most important. The construction of the National State and its operation cannot be understood without looking at institutions and fiscal policies, the tax system, and state resources, both historically and today. Professor Schneider's ambitious work is of the utmost importance; it is probably the first work on this subject, with the additional merit of referring to Central America. It is both historical and current. This is a valuable book, which I enthusiastically recommend for anyone wishing to better understand this region." - Edelberto Torres-Rivas, United Nations Development Programme "State-Building and Tax Regimes in Central America offers several important contributions. First, it represents the most robust analysis of tax policy in Central America to date. Second, and more generally, Schneider advances our knowledge of the political economy of globalization, especially the ways in which it influences specific policy outputs. Finally, by focusing on the myriad actors and institutions that play a role in shaping political processes, this book will resonate with readers and researchers whose interests extend far beyond tax policy in Central America." -Matthew A. Johnson, Tulane University, Comparative Political Studies